If clauses are used when we refer to hypothetical situations. The types are used depending on the possibility of the situation taking place (Type I - most probably; Type II - not so certain; Type III - merely speculating about a situation which has already happened and cannot be changed). Have a look at these three examples:
1. If John studies harder, he will pass the year. (There is a great chance of happening).
2. If John studied harder, he would pass the year. (It means John doesn't study that much but there is still the chance of changing that situation).
3. If John had studied harder, he wouldn't have failed the year. (Sorry! Too late. John failed the year because he didn't study. The situation wouldn't take place, and we're only speculating on an impossible future).
Some further explanation and examples can be found if you click the smiley.
EXERCISES
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